![]() ![]() 7.1 The Bianchi models and phase planes.4.3 Observational relations: perturbed model.4.2 Observational relations: background model.2.5 Scalar, vector and tensor perturbations.1.3 Dynamics: The Einstein Field Equations.In each of these cases we have good observational evidence for our models but no solid link to tested phyiscs that explains them. However major unkowns remain, in particular the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and the supposed inflaton field in the very early universe. The big picture is that remarkably simple models, largely based in known physics, succeed in giving an accurate explanation of a vast array of detailed astronomical observations and they do so in terms of just a few free parameters that are fixed observationally. To simplify this, we will extensively refer to a recent detailed review by one of us ( Uzan J-P, 2016), which is available on line, and where details and further references are given. Our aim is to get the main ideas across to the interested reader in a way that emphasizes key issues, with references to further literature where this can be followed up. ![]() Dodelson, 2003, Durrer, 2008, Mukhanov, 2005, Ellis, Maartens and MacCallum, 2012, Peter and Uzan J-P, 2013 for detailed texts). There is a huge literature on cosmology, and there is no purpose in simply duplicating it here (see e.g. However we try to clearly link this in to the underlying conceptual principles on the one hand, and the observational tests of the resulting models on the other. Modern cosmology is a mathematical physics subject, so we present the mathematics used in these studies. ![]() Thus it has descriptive and dynamicĪspects, supported by theory and observation. History has been in the light of our understanding of physical forces, and Itįirstly determines, in the light of astronomical observations, what is there when we average out the matter distribution to Physical cosmology is the study of the properties and evolution of the large scale structure of the universe. Jean-Philippe Uzan, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France Ellis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa ![]()
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